Properties of Study Users
The characteristics of the 102,216 participants are shown in Table 1 , and in Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix. Mean sodium excretion was estimated to be 4.93±1.73 g, and mean potassium excretion was estimated to be 2.12±0.60 g, with higher excretion in men than in women (P<0.001 for sodium and potassium).
Models of Salt and you may Potassium Removal
Seen excretion in one accelerated early morning pee sample and you may projected “usual” removal (just after modifications getting regression dilution prejudice) get. To have seen removal, the brand new imply (±SD) salt excretion try 4.93±step one.73 g every single day; step three.3% out of players had sodium excretion away from less than dos.30 g daily, and you will 0.6% of players had salt removal out-of below 1.fifty grams a-day. Having projected typical excretion, the newest imply salt removal is actually 4.90±step one.17 grams a-day; 0.2% away from members got sodium removal out-of below dos.29 grams daily, and you will not one had salt removal from below step one.fifty g every single day.
Overall, 43.5% of the population had an estimated sodium excretion of more than 5 g per day, 45.9% between 3 and 5 g per day, and 10.6% less than 3 g per day (3.3% had an excretion <2.3 g per day, and 0.6% <1.5 g per day). After adjustment for regression dilution bias, 2.1% of participants had an estimated sodium excretion of less than 3 g per day, and only 0.2% had excretion of less than 2.3 g per day ( Figure 1A ). Overall, 7.9% of participants had an estimated potassium excretion of more than 3 g per day ( Figure 1B ).
Estimated sodium excretion was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.001), whereas estimated potassium excretion was higher in urban areas (P<0.001) (Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix). Per capita gross national income was inversely associated with estimated sodium excretion and positively associated with estimated potassium excretion (P<0.001 for trends). Mean estimated sodium excretion ranged from 3.78 g per day in Malaysia to 5.59 g per day in China. Mean estimated potassium excretion ranged from 1.70 g per day in South Asia (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) to 2.46 g per day in Canada and Europe (Poland and Sweden).
Urinary Salt Removal and you can Hypertension
Alterations in blood pressure level are shown to have sodium excretion of reduced than simply step 3 g each day, excretion out of less than six grams every day, and you will removal of greater than 5 g every day. Persons which have very reasonable otherwise high sodium removal are included from the figure. Inside China, 218 persons with excretion out of lower than 2 grams every single day was indeed included in the group with excretion away from dos.00 to 2.99 grams a day, and 482 persons with excretion of greater than 11 g for each go out was indeed within the classification with removal out-of grams or much more every day. In other countries, 235 persons with removal from nine.00 to 9.99 grams a day and you may 112 people which have excretion of 10 grams or maybe more every day have been as part of the category with excretion off 8.00 https://datingranking.net/cs/blackdatingforfree-recenze/ to 8.99 grams each day. We pubs imply 95% count on intervals.
After adjusting for covariates, we found a significant positive association between estimated sodium excretion and systolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) and between estimated sodium excretion and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) ( Figure 2A and 2B ). For each 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion, there was an increment of 1.46 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (P<0.001) and an increment of 0.54 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001). After correcting for regression dilution bias and adjusting for covariates, we observed a steeper slope (a larger increment in blood pressure for a 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion) for the association between estimated usual sodium excretion and blood pressure, with an increment of 2.11 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure per gram and an increment of 0.78 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure per gram (P<0.001 for both comparisons).